Chính yếu

• Mikhael Psellos, Chronographia.
• Skylitzes, Synopsis of Histories.

Thứ yếu

• Norwich, John Julius (1993), Byzantium: The Apogee, Penguin, ISBN 0-14-011448-3 
• Canduci, Alexander (2010), Triumph & Tragedy: The Rise and Fall of Rome's Immortal Emperors, Pier 9, ISBN 978-1-74196-598-8 
• Kazhdan, Alexander biên tập (1991), Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium, Vol. II, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-504652-6 
• George Finlay, History of the Byzantine Empire from 716 – 1057, William Blackwood & Sons, 1853